Prostate Cancer: Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment
Early Detection and Risk Assessment
The American Cancer Society recommends that men have a chance to make an informed decision with their health care provider about whether to get screened for prostate cancer. The decision should be based on a discussion of the potential benefits and harms of screening, including the possibility of false-positive results and unnecessary biopsies.
Diagnostic Tests for Prostate Cancer
If a man is experiencing symptoms that suggest prostate cancer, such as difficulty urinating or pain in the bones, his doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests: *
Digital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any lumps or abnormalities. *
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: This blood test measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and elevated levels can indicate the presence of cancer. *
Biopsy: A needle biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose prostate cancer. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is removed from the prostate and examined under a microscope.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer
The treatment options for prostate cancer depend on the stage of the cancer, the man's age and overall health, and his preferences. Treatment options include: *
Watchful waiting: This option is appropriate for men with early-stage prostate cancer that is not causing any symptoms. Watchful waiting involves monitoring the cancer over time with periodic PSA tests and DREs. *
Surgery: Surgery to remove the prostate gland is a common treatment for prostate cancer. Surgery can be performed through a traditional open incision or through a minimally invasive robotic procedure. *
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be delivered externally, from a machine outside the body, or internally, using radioactive seeds that are implanted into the prostate gland. *
Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy is used to lower the levels of testosterone in the body. Testosterone can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells. *
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy is typically used for advanced prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
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